A lithium battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium as one of its main components in its energy storage mechanism. Lithium batteries have gained widespread popularity due to their high energy density, longer lifespan, and ability to be recharged multiple times. Lithium batteries operate by using the movement of lithium ions between two electrodes, typically a positive cathode and a negative anode, during charging and discharging cycles. When the battery is being charged, lithium ions move from the cathode to the anode. Conversely, when the battery is discharging (providing power), the lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The movement of these ions generates an electric current that can be harnessed to power a wide range of devices, from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. The use of lithium allows for higher energy density, meaning that more energy can be stored in a smaller and lighter package compared to other battery types. Lithium batteries come in various forms, including lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries, each with specific characteristics suited to different applications. They have revolutionised the way we use portable electronics and have enabled the growth of electric transportation and renewable energy storage solutions.